Essay On the Obligation to Keep One’s Promises - 1395 Words

On the Obligation to Keep One’s Promises Moral philosophy is generally in pursuit of the â€Å"ought.† More specifically, a common goal is to create some sort of rubric for evaluating specific situations, and in the face of a decision, revealing what â€Å"ought to be done.† A very important and consequently complicated â€Å"ought† is that which dictates if one should keep a promise. This topic is so vast that is seems it would take a great deal of effort to make progress towards an answer, and in fact, there have been volumes of philosophy written about this very subject matter. Two 18th-century moral philosophers who tackled this mammoth rather successfully are Immanuel Kant and David Hume. The backbone of Kant’s†¦show more content†¦Not only does Kant begin immediately to discuss the difficult topic of a promise, but also he cuts right to the most important part. If it is assumed that all things being equal, it is better to keep a promise than not, what happens in the situations when all things are not equal? What is the morally correct choice when keeping a promise would most definitely do more damage than not keeping it? Kant discusses the predicament, and after applying the categorical imperative as expected, finds the argument cleared up. â€Å"The most direct and infallible way†¦to answer the question†¦is to ask myself whether I would really be content if my maxim were to hold as a universal law.† Kant sees the following conclusion as obvious: â€Å"Then I immediately become aware that I can indeed will the lie but can not at all will the universal law to lie.† (Grounding, pg15). While discussing a differen t example later, Kant clarifies his reasoning on the matter. â€Å"For the universality of a law which says that anyone believing himself to be in difficulty could promise whatever he pleases with the intention of not keeping it would make promising itself†¦quite impossible.† (Grounding, pg31). Kant’s second major objection to lying comes from a violation of what he calls the â€Å"principle of humanity.† The principle of humanity comes this time from the â€Å"practical imperative† and says,Show MoreRelatedDo You Drive Home? Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesfor protection by the sovereign in order to obtain peace, establish order, and justice within the state. Thus, in contracting with one another, individuals agree to relinquish their natural right to everything, to not only obtain peace, and preserve one’s own life, but because this contracting is done by reason, it is done as a means for the conservation of all (214). Consequently, the establishment of the sovereign state occurs, and individuals consent to abide by the absolute government that formsRead More Perseverance in Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening1095 Words   |  5 PagesPerseverance in Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Epictetus once wrote, First say what you would be; and then do what you have to do. This aphorism of self-discovery and obligation clearly describes Robert Frosts poem, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. In the course of the poem, Frosts speaker is confronted with two choices: he can either forget his problems or he can follow through with his responsibilities and make the most of life. It is through Frosts remarkableRead MoreEthics Examples1565 Words   |  7 Pages debtors, co-owners, the government, the public and anyone who may have interest in one’s business. 2. PROMISE-KEEPING: means keeping one’s commitments. When promises have been made, they are supported by the fact that the obligation to keep promises is among the most important of generally accepted obligations. Promises and agreements to stakeholders create expectations of performance and establish obligations. 3. FAIRNESS: means being open-minded, willing to admit an error; not overreaching orRead MorePsychological vs Ethical Egoism Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Egoism: A Comparison Abstract There is a certain innate desire to help others, just as others will feel that same fulfillment for returning that aid. At the same time, however, there is also an inherent yearning to seek out one’s own best interest. This brings about a discussion regarding the difference between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. To understand the similarities and differences, one must first understand the two concepts including their natures, as wellRead MoreEssay about Nursing Code of Ethics 1368 Words   |  6 Pagesof nursing have a responsibility to society in learning the academic theory and clinical skills needed to provide nursing care† (2003). In the clinical setting nurses have a lot of responsibilities while caring for an ill patient, they have the obligation to practice their profession with compassion, love, and respect the uniqueness of each patient, as nurses we are not supposed to deny care to a patient because of their economic status, their skin color, race, or the nature of health problems, weRead MoreKant s Categorical Imperative Of Universal Laws And Humanity1440 Words   |  6 Pagesor trusted. Hence, nothing would ever be accomplished. It would stand to reason people must keep their commitments. Kant’s categorical imperative is defined by reason and binding for all rational people. (Rachels EMP 135) Kant maintains that â€Å"act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that is should become a universal law.† (qtd in Rachels EMP 130) To clarify, if one’s actions can be based on a rule or maxim that can be followed without exception by everyone, thenRead MoreThe Covenant Of A Covenant1319 Words   |  6 PagesNew Testament. Important covenants revealed through both Testaments are the Sinai covenant and the crucifixion of Jesus, the new covenant. A covenant includes five fundamental features which help strengthen the notion that a covenant is an eternal promise with God, no t a relationship that can be broken resulting in legal repercussions. Firstly, the origin of a covenant will be discussed. Secondly, this paper will shed light on the traits of a covenant. Lastly, this paper will explain how a covenantRead MoreExplain Kants Theory of Ethics Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagessome situations where a perfect moral decision cannot be made, are all our choices fuelled by personal gain and desire? He has a deontological and absolute approach to ethics, to Kant what makes an action good is when you do your ‘duty’ and that one’s duty is to always flow the moral law. We should not act out of love or compassion. The motive is what makes an action good –nothing else! The consequences to Kant are meaningless it’s the act itself that needs to be right an example of his thinkingRead MoreComparing The Theories Of Aristotle And Kants Theory Of Ethics884 Words   |  4 Pagesidentified two kinds of duties, duties to ourselves in which to secure one’s own happiness and maintains one life and duties to others in which we keep our promises and render assistance. In determining one’s duty Kant describes them as hypothetical and categorical imperatives. A categorical imperative is a moral duty willed by a person for its own sake, not for the sake of the agent. An example would be suicide or a promise to repay one’s debt. A categorical im perative occurs under the following conditions:Read MoreMachiavelli: Realism over Idealism Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesobtain and keep political power. This is what he did using witty tactics. 1 A prince must always pay diligent attention to military circumstances if he wants to reside in power, so the most desirable and beneficial type of army are native troops, composed of one’s own citizens or subjects. The prince has many characteristics that are crucial to his standing in a society such as: it is better to be stingy than generous, it is better to be cruel than merciful, it is better to break promises if keeping

My Personal Philosophy Of Education - 1443 Words

There is a multitude of schools and teachers throughout the world. Each teacher has their own set of beliefs and values. These beliefs and values are exceptionally important because they guide each educator in the way they choose to teach. These beliefs of education are known as the philosophy of education. The philosophy of education is defined as the influences of what is taught and how the students will be taught. Throughout my study in my education class and past experiences, my mind was expanded and I acquired sufficient knowledge to develop my own concept of my personal philosophy of education. First, I will clarify the reasons why I choose the profession of being an educator. The first reason has been my parents influence on how important education is. From a very small age, my parents have instilled the importance of education. My parents, unfortunately, were not able to have the opportunity that most people take for granted, which was the opportunity to receive a higher edu cation. My parents were only able to attend school until the six grade. After, they were forced to drop out because the place where they lived, did not grant many learning opportunities for free. Since they were not able to get a higher education they settled for whatever job they could get. From then on they strongly believed that everyone needs to get an education in order to have a wide range of options of what they want to do to succeed life. Luckily I had always loved school. I cherishedShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy Of Education997 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education Discovering the place where personal values and expertise meet organizational values and needs offers a dynamic partnership opportunity. Mutual achievement of organizational academic quality and professional fulfillment provides a positive learning environment. Developing a personal philosophy of education enables an educator to understand and communicate the underlying basis for his or her approach to education. Sharing this philosophy provides valuable information forRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 Pages871 Foundations of Higher Education Summer 2015 Instructor: Joel Abaya, PhD Personal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents were highly educatedRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Education958 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education It is customary that on New Year’s Eve, we make New Year resolution. The fact is that we are making a set of guideline that we want to live by. These are motives that we seek to achieve. In a similar way, teachers live by philosophy. This essay focuses on my personal philosophy of education. It unfolds the function of philosophy in a teacher’s life, my view on the purpose of education, the student teacher- relationship and the philosophy which influences myRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1335 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching style in the â€Å"Finding Your Philosophy of Education Quiz.† While I enjoyed learning about the different philosophies and psychological influences of teaching, I prefer constructivism, social reconstruction, and progressivism due to their student-centered learning, hands-on or project based learning style, while making efforts to improve the world around them. I will be discussing why I chose progressivism, social reconstruction , and constructivism as my preferences, as well as the role ofRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education966 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Philosophy of Education Allyson C. Taylor EDUC 542 Dr. M. Derrick Regent University The definition of curriculum can be as mysterious as the curriculum itself. Oliva (2013) described the hunt for the curriculum as being similar to â€Å"efforts to track down Bigfoot, the Bear Lake Monster, [and] the Florida Everglades Skunk Ape †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 2). All of these elusive beings have left tracks, yet there isn’t a single photograph to prove their existence—just likeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education873 Words   |  4 Pagesis a meaningful education? Throughout time many philosopher and educators have pondered on this question, leading to the development of theories and concepts that are present in the classroom today. In my personal experience, an educator philosophy is built over a course of time which is based on their knowledge and experience. An educator belief system is like a river, it changes and matures throughout its course, bending and changing as it progresses. Throughout the course of my educational careerRead MoreMy Personal P hilosophy Of Education878 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Education After taking the Educational Philosophies Self-Assessment test, I was able to figure out my referencing scores for my ideal logical instructional principles believed rational of the classification of educational archetypes. The areas of greatest influence in my philosophy of education included Humanism with a total of 21 points, Perennialism and Existentialism with 18 total points in those areas. Essentialism was second with 16 points and Reconstructionism recordRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1152 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction My personal philosophy of education relies on the fundamental belief that every individual has inherent value, therefore designating education as an environment where students may grow in their self-worth through academic and relational support. Thus, the purpose of education is to provide individuals with the opportunity to learn about both content and about self, growing in their identity. Within this personal philosophy of education, I will further detail the aim of education, the roleRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education978 Words   |  4 PagesEducation is undoubtedly the most important aspect of a person’s life. It is education that shapes our prospective and creates independent thinkers. It is the foundation of an individual’s future. It is education that pushes us forward in the direction of self-expression because we are equipped with basic skills and the knowledge of how to think for ourselves. Above all, we are our interests; everything we accomplishe d is the result of our passion. My goal is to be the driving force that helps myRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education938 Words   |  4 PagesPHILOSOPHY ESSAY 2 I remember my history teacher. He would often chat with me in German before or after class; sometimes helping explain certain nuances of the language. However, I can’t tell you what information we covered that year, let alone if it was American History, or Ancient History. Can you remember anything specific from your history class in high school? My hope is that if

Pans labyrinth Free Essays

To start off, I am absolutely speechless. I honestly don’t know how to feel after watching and researching the movie as well as its concepts. Watching Pan’s Labyrinth gave me so much more than Just a cultural connection. We will write a custom essay sample on Pans labyrinth or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning, I Immediately thought â€Å"what is this? What am I watching? â€Å". I paused the movie midway lust to do a background check on the author! I think that Guillemot De Tort did a fabulous Job directing this movie. There were no famous actors In the movie but I can’t even tell you how many times my mother yelled at me for my outbursts. For mineral background information to the story, It takes place In Spain during the Spanish Civil War In 1944. Beginning In July of 1963 and ending on April 1st, 1969, the war highlighted Socialism vs.. Fascism. Spain was once a very powerful country, but was In ruins before the 20th century. The Spaniards were divided Into different forms of government. The monarchists were very conservative while the Catholics refused to reform. Those who wanted a republic believed the country needed reformation In areas such as agriculture, regionalism, the church and the army. Francisco Franco represented the fascist and monarchs and eventually won the war in 1939. He left half a million people dead from the war and established a dictatorship. Franco also received military support from Hitler (l find it ironic they strongly resembled each other in the movie) and Mussolini. Guillemot held a great balance between the history and fairy tale concepts of the movie. The story started off by telling its’ viewers that a king was waiting for the lost soul of his dead daughter. Soon things renditions to a young girl named Offline and her pregnant mother, Carmen. They were riding to see Franco, to whom Offline was told to call father. Throughout the story, Carmen is very ill and soon stops the car. Offline wonders off and finds a stone on the ground as well as the statue it belongs to. She fixes it, in turn finding a fairy that follows her. That night, the fairy leads her to a labyrinth where she finds a faun. This mystical creature identifies her as the lost princess. How to cite Pans labyrinth, Papers

Singapore Nation

Question: Singapore is one of the most developed nations is Asia. Explain. Answer: Introduction Singapore is one of the most developed nations is Asia. It has an open economy which stands seventh in degree of openness and additionally lures investors though the favorable tax regime. The per-capital GDP in 2015 stands at $85,127 (considering PPP) and hence is the third highest globally. The total GDP in real terms in 2015 stood at $ 470.55 billion. The estimated labour force as on 30 June 2015 stood at 3.63 million. The services sector contributed nearly 75% to the GDP while the remaining 25% being derived from the industry sector. The inflation in 2015 stood at the low level of 0.04% while the corresponding unemployment stood at 2%, The balance of payments for the country is also positive which implies that the exports surpass the imports. The inward FDI into Singapore in 2015 stood at USD 900 billion while during the corresponding period the outward FDI was $ 518 billion (Tan, 2015). In this overview of Singapore, the main aim of the given report is to conduct a review of the production output along with the labour market and the variation of price during the last ten years i.e. from 2005 onwards till 2015. Various relevant statistics during the period would be obtained for the period and a brief explanation for the same would be offered. Production Output Performance - Trends The trend of real GDP of Singapore during the period 2005-2015 is summarized in the graph below (TradingEconomics, 2016). It is evident from the above figure that the highest GDP level of USD 306.34 billion is observed in the year 2014 while the lowest value of USD 0.50 billion is observed in the year 2005. It is also apparent that there is a general upward trend which is halted in 2009 by the global recession and also recently in 2015 due to slowdown in exports. In the past, the economy showed resilience and posted stellar growth during 2010-2011.The graph indicating the growth rate of real GDP during 2005-2015 is indicated below (TradingEconomics, 2016). It is apparent from the above graph that the highest growth rate of 37.2% per quarter was witnessed in 2010 when the economy started recovering from the shock of the global financial crisis. However, the lowest quarterly growth of -13.5% per quarter was observed in 2009 when the financial crisis was at its peak. This decline is but expected especially for an export driven economy such as Singapore. However, the quick recovery in the aftermath i.e. 2010 is a testimony to the resilience of the economy and governments prompt decision making.The graph indicating the per capita GDP during 2005-2015 is indicated below (TradingEconomics, 2016). The per capita GDP has continued to grow on a y-o-y basis except during 2008 and 2009. This drop was attributed to decrease in GDP caused by the global financial crisis. The highest per capita GDP level has been reached in 2015 only with a value of USD 51,855.08. Further, the lowest value of the per capita GDP was observed in 2005 when it stood at USD 40,020.26. This rise in per capital GDP on a steady basis specially in the last five years is indicative of the improving standards of living for the Singaporean people which in turn transforms into better human development indicators leading to higher GDP growth. Production Output Performance Indicators and Definition The GDP may be defines as the sum total of goods and services product inside the country during a particular timeframe. Rea GDP tends to measure the GDP not at the market price but at the price of the goods and services in the base year of the index. This results in presenting an accurate picture of the economic growth which is not distorted by the inflation. The growth rate in real GDP may be defined as the change in percentage in the real GDP calculated on an annual basis. It is helpful in deciphering the trend of economic growth and is also useful for future forecasting. The per capita GDP is computed by dividing the GSP by the national population an tends to act as an indicator of the trend in living standards of individuals (Mankiw, 2012). Production Output Performance Explanation of witnessed trends It is apparent that the real GDP for the country is quite stable though it is vulnerable to external shock as exhibited in 2009. The steady rise in real GDP is indicative to the output increase in real terms without considering any impact of price change. The growth rate curve with regards to GDP has witnessed various shocks prior to 2011 due to turbulent external environment but growth rate has become range bound in the last four years which provides stability to the economy. The per capita GDP is indicating a steady rise over the given period especially since 2010 which augers well for the enhancing living standards of the people. Further the rising income is also responsible for the rank improvement that Singapore has witnessed with regards to human development index (Mankiw, 2012). Production Output Performance Measures taken by government A key role in the above economic performance of Singapore is attributed to the proactive measures taken by the government. These typically include providing a conducive environment to foster FDI and providing ease of doing business to investors. Further, through budgetary allocations, the government tends to focus on advanced technology and provides incentives to encourage the same. Additionally, the rise in GDP per capita is reflective of the success that the government has achieved in enhancing the productivity levels of people through implementation of skill development programs along with providing quality education and health services. Despite the low amount of land area available, through proactive planning by the government coupled with corruption free and transparent business environment, Singapore has emerged as the financial hub of Asia and is making rapid strides fuelled by a skilled manpower (Waring Lewer, 2013). Labor Market Analysis The relevant trend for the unemployment rate in Singapore during 2005-2015 is captured in the graph below (TradingEconomics, 2016). It is apparent from the above graph that the unemployment rate is highest for Q2 and Q3 2005 along with Q3 2009.and is pegged at 3.4%. Further, the lowest unemployment levels are pegged at 1.7% in Q3 and Q4 2007. However, since 2010, the unemployment levels have stayed consistently below 2.5%. Further, since 2012, the unemployment has not crossed 2% which would be considered as exceptional. Unemployment Definition and Type Unemployment may be defined as a situation when a particular individual wants to work but is not able to get any work. There are three main types of unemployment namely cyclical, frictional and structural.Cyclical unemployment is defined as the unemployment caused due to lack of demand i.e. due to cyclical fluctuations in the business cycle (Weale Christodoulakis, 2015). Structural unemployment typically results from changes in the industry structure especially technology and occurs when demand exists but the existing labour force do not have the requisite skills (Goodwin et al., 2013). Frictional unemployment results from the time lag between quitting a particular job and getting a suitable job. (Mankiw, 2012). Unemployment types in Singapore The different unemployment types that are existing in Singapore are discussed below.Cyclical unemployment is prevalent in Singapore as it relies heavily on external labour from all round the globe particularly Asian countries such as India, China. In the event, that the aggregate demand reduces then there is a reduction in the demand of the labour and hence unemployed increases. On the other hand, better economic growth leads to higher employment (Tan, 2015).Structural unemployment is prevalent in Singapore as greater emphasis is placed on promotion of capital intensive technology as a result of which the skill sets required are dynamic. Due to shift from labour oriented practices to technology driven, the skills of certain employees become redundant and they remain unemployment till suitable up-gradation in skills does not take place (McTaggart, 2012).Frictional unemployment is prevalent in Singapore as individuals tend to shift to look for better jobs and inevitably there is a time delay in this process which gives rise to this temporary unemployment (Pigou, 2013). Unemployment Measures taken by the government The government has taken a host of measures to ensure that unemployment remains under check. One of the significant ones in this regard is the use of fiscal policy which tends to encourage innovation and productivity enhancing measures which in turn enhances the cost competitiveness of businesses based in Singapore (Borio, 2014). Additionally, active support is provided to the unemployed through programs such as Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) and also ensures that they have enough disposable income to invest in enhancement of skills (Wagner, 2014). In order to deal with structural unemployment in a vibrant economy, the government has initiated a Skill Programme for Upgrading and Resilience (SPUR) whereby trainees are imparted skills as well as paid. This goes a long way in resolving the issue of structural unemployment (Cho Newhouse, 2013). Price Level Analysis The inflation trend for 2005-2015 is captured in the graph shown below (TradingEconomics, 2016). It is apparent from the above that highest inflation level that has been witnessed is 7% in the year 2008. Further, the lowest inflation level during the given period was seen in 2010 when the inflation was -1%. There are trends of inflation as it tends to increase and then decreases. The inflation peaked just before the global recession and then decreased to reach negative terrain during the recession, It further increased to peak in 2012 after which the inflation decreased to enter negative terrain in 2015. Inflation Definition and Causes Inflation may be defined as the general rise in price levels which tends to erode the purchasing power of money (Simpson, 2014).There are two primary causes of inflation namely the rise in cost of underlying products or services and the increase in demand of goods. The former phenomenon is referred to as cost inflation and implies that the rise in product price is caused due to an increase in the production cost. Thus, at a particular price, the supply would drop and hence lead to increase in price due to shortage in supply (Ghosh, 2013). The latter phenomenon is referred to as demand pull inflation and causes a rightward shift in the demand curve due to higher demand which leads to an increase in the equilibrium price resulting in inflation (Gandolfo, 2013). Inflation Analysis Causes in Singapore Singapore witnesses inflation of both the kinds mentioned above. The cost push inflation is caused due to high dependence of the nation on imported items. As a result, if the price of the goods tends to increase in the international markets, then the same would also be reflected in Singapore market and hence would cause inflation. The demand pull inflation is the result of increasing population of Singapore due to high immigration low particularly from neighboring countries in Asia which leads to higher demand for products and services, thus fueling inflation (Ghosh Yu, 2013). Measures for inflation control Singapores monetary authority tends to regulate the currency exchange rate as the country is dependent on imports for critical items such as food. Further, in case of flow of foreign funds into the country, suitable intervention is made so that this money is absorbed in a prompt manner with adequate checks and balances so that the inflation remains in the acceptable narrow band (Bhaskaran, 2014). Additionally, fiscal measures such as subsidizing staple imports and providing tax rebates are also done especially at a time when inflation tends to be high (Das, 2014). Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be concluded that the Singapore during the last ten years has been able to sustain a healthy growth rate in GDP which has far exceeded the population growth rate. The GDP has indeed suffered shocks particularly due to the global financial crisis but through prudent government policy and underlying resilience of economy, the bounce back has been spectacular. Further, various types of unemployment tend to exist in Singapore but the level is highly stable primarily due to the government initiatives which promotes skill building and up-gradation to ensure that there is no shortage of skilled manpower. Also, inflation occurs both through demand and supply parameters and seems to be driven in cycles based on the trends of last ten years. But the country has been able to manage it well for the stabilization of the currency which is imperative for an export oriented economy. Reference Borio, C. (2014). The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?. Journal of Banking Finance, 45, 182-198.Bhaskaran, M., (2014). Challenges Facing the Singapore Economy. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2014(1), pp.290-302.Cho, Y., Newhouse, D. (2013). How did the great recession affect different types of workers? Evidence from 17 middle-income countries. World Development, 41, 31-50.Gandolfo, G., (2013). International Economics II: International Monetary Theory and Open-Economy Macroeconomics. Springer Science Business Media.Ghosh, A. and Yu, J., (2013). Singapore Inflation Expectations: Expecting the Unexpected. Sim Kee Boon Institute for Financial Economics, Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University.Goodwin, N., Nelson, J., Harris, J., Torras, M. and Roach, B., (2013). Macroeconomics in context. ME Sharpe.Mankiw, N. (2012). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth PublishersMcTaggart, D., Findlay, C., Parkin, M. (2012). Macroeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S .W.: PearsonPigou, A. C. (2013). Theory of unemployment. RoutledgeSimpson, B. (2014). Money, Banking, and the Business Cycle. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Tan, K. P. (2015). Singapore in 2014. Asian Survey, 55(1), 157-164.Trading Economics (2016), 300,000 Indicators from 196 countries, Retrieved 27 July 2016, from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/Waring, P., Lewer, J. (2013). The global financial crisis, employment relations and the labour market in Singapore and Australia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 19(2), 217-229.Weale, M., Blake, A., Christodoulakis, N. (2015). Macroeconomic Policy. Florence: Taylor and Francis.