Ignoring A Common Health Concern

Ignoring A Common Health ConcernIn order to keep your samples essay on causes of asthma as brief as possible, you should avoid the use of extensive terms and some specialized terminology. Instead, consider a 'common man' approach that will leave your thesis statement with little or no jargon.First, you must recognize that the common man does not understand what is being discussed in your samples essay on causes of asthma. Most people do not have the time or patience to go over your entire thesis statement. Some people are too busy at work, while others simply do not have the time to sit down and read a lengthy essay. This is why your samples essay on causes of asthma must be short and simple, especially when you're dealing with common health concerns such as asthma.You need to know that asthma is caused by a number of factors, and that many of these factors are unconnected. Take for example, what exactly causes your asthma? The most common causes of asthma include allergens (dust, sm oke, pollen, fumes), environmental pollution, and exposure to irritants (inhaled chemicals) from certain foods.It should be very apparent to you that asthma is a very serious medical condition that is typically hard to detect at a first glance. Unless you've had it personally, you may not know how serious it can be unless you've gone through a serious attack or two.What if your children start eating certain foods that you are sure are safe, but they might in the long run cause them to develop asthma? You know that you would never knowingly feed your children these foods, but how do you know that what they are eating does not cause them to develop asthma? These are the sorts of questions that plague many parents who find themselves in the same predicament as you are.It may be very difficult to see this through your samples essay on causes of asthma, but you must remember that it is better to avoid possible health problems than to risk not preventing them. If you do not take the steps necessary to prevent potential health problems in your family, chances are you may end up having to deal with them later on in life. This is especially true if the cause of your asthma goes untreated for a long time.This is why you should avoid using complex terms and often redundant scientific terms in your samples essay on causes of asthma. Avoid using precise words or confusing language. Instead, try to stick to the basics, and stick to the simplest explanations that can easily be understood by the average person.An asthma patient must also understand that his or her asthma can be cured. If you want to make sure that your kids get the best possible treatment, you must take the time to educate yourself on the subject. The best way to do this is by focusing on the basics and getting educated about the health concerns of asthma.

`` The Hunting Ground `` Sexual Assaults On College...

The Hunting Ground (2015), explores sexual assaults on college campuses. The film shows many survivors conveying their experience with sexual assault and how their colleges or universities has handled their trauma. This film also shows the psychological toll sexual assault has on the survivor as well as their families. Additionally, the film presents how institutions cover it up and/or present a penalty that is not fit for the crime. The specific trauma that has effected the survivors in the film is domestic violence and sexual trauma. The trauma from all of the survivors is very severe. It includes: Andrea, a Cuban America, who was a student at University of North Carolina (UNC) was sexually assaulted at an on-campus party. She recalls her head being banged up against the wall. Talking with friends, she found out that many other people were raped the same weekend she was. She did not want to talk about it, or admit that it happened. She had nightmares frequently. Annie, also a UNC student, is a white woman from suburban North Carolina. She was sexually assaulted before she started classes her freshman year. She did not report her sexual report because she did not know how to. Once a friend opened up to hear, and asked how to report, she then reported her sexual assault. She was able to speak to a faculty member, the faculty compared rape to football. Annie was then victim blamed. Kamilah, an African American law student at Harvard, also experienced a sexual assault.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Hunting Ground 1281 Words   |  6 PagesMayra Leon Fogg WS 135 Dr. Slagter Outside Event 1 4/24/15 The Hunting Ground For my outside event I chose to attend the screening of â€Å"The Hunting Ground† which was directed by Kirby Dick, who also directed the film, â€Å"The Invisible War†. In addition to the special screening of this film, Kirby Dick made a special appearance for a post-film discussion. The event began at 5:30P.M. and went on till about 7:30P.M. or so which began with a rocky start as Kirby Dick was scheduled to arrive in time toRead MoreReflection Paper On The Hunting Ground846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hunting Ground Film Reflection Paper Lucas Segura PHLS 301 10/6/2017 The Hunting Ground documentary is about the existence and prevalence of sexual assault culture in many colleges and universities. The issues surrounding the rape culture in universities is, they are not taking enough action on protecting the students. The film/filmmakers display the reason for the prevalence of sexual assault on American campuses. With the culture of rape in colleges, there also must be a counter-cultureRead MoreSexual Assault Is Becoming A Big Problem On College Campuses1570 Words   |  7 Pageslives at college. Never in a million years would a student expect their college experience to turn into a nightmare. Never would they have thought that their campus would not be safe enough to walk around alone at night without carrying their keys in between their fingers like knives. A student goes to school to learn, not to get assaulted or raped. Sexual assault is becoming a big problem on college campuses, and school officials are under reporting and trying to cover up the assaults because thereRead MoreCongratulations You Have Been Accepted To College. These1353 Words   |  6 PagesCongratulations you have been accepted to college. These seven words can have a huge impact and change the future for someone. However this change can have a horrendous impact with the direction a person’s life can turn out. College is supposed to be the greatest time filled with lasting memories, memorable relationships, and a time when a recent high school graduate can prepare for a successful future. First steps are made to making dreams and aspirations come true, with a brief realization thatRead MoreSexual Assault Occurs On Every College Campus1500 Words   |  6 PagesSexual assault occurs on every college campus. Surveys from campuses across the nation could be used to try and challenge this claim, because within them, many universities reported of having zero cases of sexual assault; however, most schools can claim this small number only because they hide any reports of sexual assault. Why is it that an institution would hide an act that harmed one of its own students? A huge reason is that the perpetrator of the crime is mostly always one of the school’s ownRead MoreAn Epidemic Of Sexual Assaults Across The Nation1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn most recent years there has been an epidemic of sexual assaults across the nation. In the United States alone, a rape occurs every 6.2 minutes resulting in 1 out of every 5 women as well as 1 out of every 71 men being sexually assaulted or raped in their lifetime. This problem has been something that has been hushed for many years affecting the lives of the victims for a lifetime. We the nation need to take a stand to teach our young men and women that it is inappropriate to violate a person’sRead MoreSex And Abuse Services Struck Me The Most1478 Words   |  6 Pagespart of social work when dealing with a clientele so when I decided to look through my options the choice o f sex and abuse services struck me the most. When you work with such programs as MOCSA; they deal with meeting with the person who was been sexual assaulted and helping them with their decision on whether or not to press charges and continue working with them and recommending services. When someone is sexually assaulted it takes time to move on from such a horrific event many carry what happenedRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Campus Sexual Assault1838 Words   |  8 PagesHsu Myat Noe Writing 150 (64780) Spring 2016 Writing Project 1 Accuracy or Advocacy: The Dilemma of Campus Sexual Assault A young woman carried a 50-pound mattress onto the stage at a graduation ceremony in Columbia University. Known as the â€Å"Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)†, Emma Sulkowicz started carrying the mattress everywhere she went on campus in an attempt to expel a classmate who was found not responsible for sexually assaulting her (LATimes). She became an instant media sensationRead MoreThe Hunting Ground, Directed By Kirby Dick1557 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically female Penn Staters. Sexual assault is something that is frequently occurs at every university, especially this one. â€Å"At Penn State’s campus alone, since the beginning of the 2012-2013 school year, almost 30 sexual assaults have been reported to local and off-campus police departments† (Thomas par. 2). Penn State University has a rich history that dates all the way back to 1855, but that history has since been marred by the night life here in State College. Sexual assault is an extremely hot topicRead MoreRape And Its Treatment On Campuses1402 Words   |  6 Pagesuntil you are on a college campus. Then-- no probably means yes. It is no secret that there is a campus rape epidemic that has seemed to sweep the headlines in recent years. The problem seems new yet goes back perhaps to even the first widespread admittance of women to college campuses. And still the campus rape problem remains, pushed under rugs and bordering on do-not-ask-do-not-tell policies perpetuated by many colleges and universities. Rape and its treatment on campuses has become such an issue

Creating Clean Energy Sources for the Future Coursework

Essays on Creating Clean Energy Sources for the Future Coursework The paper "Creating Clean Energy Sources for the Future" is a great example of coursework on environmental studies. The environmental policy involves the attainment of environmental; sustainability at all levels within the world’s environments. The core issues revolving around environmental policies and sustainability are air, water, land, wastewater management, pollution and other factors within the perimeters of sustainability. Clean energy sources are the key component and goal to the realization of the sustainability aspect and the benefits of which are across the trans-boundaries (Tobin Boyadjis 2010, p 48). Reasons for Choosing the Issue in Academic TermsClean energy development mechanisms are measured through which the academic sectors can incorporate such techniques and this will improve the education standard of learning institutions. The need for clean energies will motivate the researchers; students and other academicians conduct research in the field and with a lot of enthusiasm find new ideas in the field. The knowledge acquired through research is to be applied to help in developing the clean energy sources and this is how the researchers are to intervene in changing the situation of the world’s environments (Tobin Boyadjis 2010, p 47).The Contribution of the Case Study Topic to Academic LiteratureA lot of research has been done on clean energy development and energy alternatives, but little research has been done on the development of clean energy sources with consideration of the trans-boundary issues (Tobin Boyadjis 2010, p 50). The intervention of clean energy techn iques presents a lot of opportunities for restoration, conservation, and preservation of the world’s resources and environments across cultural, geographic and political boundaries. Politics play an important role in the realization of the need to incorporate clean energy policies and plans into environmental policy frameworks.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A moral memoir Essay Example For Students

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: A moral memoir Essay 2/10/04 Period 1A child, when first born into this world, is totally objective andoblivious to all. A clean blank slab of a blackboard portrays his/herbrain thus far. As time goes on, input is inscribed upon thisblackboard. From there conclusions are drawn, inferences are made, andright and wrong are being defined. Society has everything to do with thecourse of this. The main character of Mark Twains Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn, Huck, undergoes a total moral transformation upon havingto make life defining decisions throughout his journey for a new life; froma simple boy living amongst society to a mature human who can think forhimself about the rights and wrongs of humanity. Twain is trying to showthe audience that society has the majority of influence upon theindividual, and will cause the person to conform to the norms of thatsociety. Huck Finn is a great example of a disciple of society who learnsto think individually and back to the fundamentals of mankind. Huck emerges into the novel with an inferiority complex caused by living adouble standard life: with a drunken and abusive father and with two oldladies who would like to raise him properly. It is here that Huck is inabsence of any direction. It is at this point where Huck is first seenwithout any concept of morality. Preceding the start of the novel, MissWatson and the widow have been granted custody of Huck, an uncivilized boywho possesses no morals. They talked it over, and they was going to ruleme out, because they said every boy must have a family or something tokill, or else it wouldnt be fair and square for the others. Well, nobodycould think of anything to do- everybody was stumped, and set still. I wasmost ready to cry; but all at once I thought of a way, and so I offeredthem Miss Watson-they could kill her (17-18). At this moment, Huck is atthe peak of his immorality. A person with morals would not willinglysacrifice the life of someone else just in order to be part of a ga ng. Hucks confusion with society, along with his idolism of Tom Sawyer, causedhim to make such a statement. He wants to escape from his abusive fatherand overly-strict guardians, thus he turns to the immorality and childishway to get away from it all. Twain here can easily prove his view uponsociety in 1 easy step. He shows the proper/former side of society withMiss Watson and Widow Douglas. Here he presents the case with the views ofsociety: racist, biased, and ethnocentric. In many instances Twainsarcastically will ridicule society for its immoral beliefs by exaggeratingthem in the book. The word nigger may seem like the proper connotationin accordance to the dialect of the time, but the way they treatedniggers and their attitudes toward them should not have been proper inany case. The insecure and perplexed Huck was willing to give up a humanlife in order to pursue his childish dreams and to escape the pressureinduced by society. Twain points out how society could have hurt a boywith that example and also talks about one of many of societys problems. Huck begins his journey of moral progression after he escapes and decidesto befriend Jim, the runaway slave. He from here learns about the evilsand skewed views of society; little by little, he learns to confront anddecide for himself upon these situations.Huck encounters his first majordilemma when he comes across the wrecked steamboat and three criminals. .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad , .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .postImageUrl , .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad , .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad:hover , .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad:visited , .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad:active { border:0!important; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad:active , .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4bbcc5fbfba7994d6db910ca8e0b0ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance of being earnest 2 EssayWhen Jim and Huck take the skiff for themselves, leaving the three robbersstranded, Huck realizes that he has left them to die. Now was the firsttime that I begun to worry about the men- I reckon I hadnt time to before. I begun to think how dreadful it was, even for murderers, to be in such afix. I says to myself, there aint no telling but I might come to be amurderer myself yet, and then how would I like it?(76). This is the firsttime that Huck questions the effects of what he has done on other people. After he realizes that he could now be considered a murderer, he doessomething for the better by getting a captain to go investigate the wreckin order to save the mens lives. Even though the men he would be savingare murderers and robbers, he can not justify being responsible for theirdeath, and makes it a point to correct what he has done wrong. This is thefirst major step in Hucks moral progression. At that point, he establishesa set of standards that considers leaving the men to die as immoral. Twains point here is that no matter what society looks down upon or shunson, the ultimate and fundamental basis is that we are all human, and an actthat is merciless should never be committed. He demonstrates this with therobbers, and later again profoundly in the Shepherdson/Grangerford dispute. In Buck Grangerfords rambling answers we hear Mark Twains view of asouthern feuding family, and after Buck finishes his answer, we watchHucks reaction to the true nature of the Grangerfords. Buck detailsTwains opinion that a feud is not started or continued by thought. Thereasons for the feud have been forgotten, and the Grangerfords do not hate,but in fact respect, their sworn enemies. They live their lives bytradition, and the fact that the feud is a tradition justifies itsneedless, pointless violence. From the dignified Colonel with a few buck-shot in him(121) to Buck, who is eager for the glory to be gained fromshooting a Shepherdson in the back, the Grangerfords unquestioninglybelieve in de-valuing human life because it is a civilized tradition. Huckbegins to decide for himself now, that he is on the river and can thinkmore freely without the confinements of society. Twain graduallyintroduces us into the concepts of a bad society and Hucks moraldevelopment. Throughout the book there is the recurring motif of Friend v. Society: amain moral decision that Huck is forced to make a few times in his journey,of whether to follow the guidelines set before him or his heart which tellshim what logic should. This is the first time he makes a decision all onhis own based on his own morality. Jims capture and consequences representHucks ultimate realization and rejection of society. To encapsulate Huckstotal moral progression through his decision to help Jim, Huck states, Allright then, Ill go to hell! (207). The logical consequences of Hucksaction, rather than the lessons society has taught him, drive Huck. Hedecides that going to hell, if it means following his gut and notsocietys hypocritical and cruel principles, is a better option than goingto everyone elses heaven. This moment of decision represents Hucks truebreak with the world around him. At this point, Huck decides to help Jimescape slavery once and for all. By now his mind is truly made u p, thestatement You cant pray a lie (207) being the justification. Twain hereutilizes the climax of the moment to conclude his most important pointsabout society- in which it is cruel to itself, biased, and selfish. Byusing Huck as the breakthrough of the mold, Twain is able to get his pointacross to his readers, that society and what it represents is all wrong,because of the ethnocentric display on life by it. Huck has made up hismind once and for all, after thoroughly surveying both sides of an ideal-bound society and a free-going life. Twain contrasts the two and glorifiesthe instinct-based life while degrading the society-bound lifestyle. .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 , .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .postImageUrl , .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 , .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3:hover , .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3:visited , .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3:active { border:0!important; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3:active , .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3 .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u423f699f94f87e31c30ab3c23177d0e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ufos (1530 words) EssayHucks moral progression can be traced throughout the book beginning fromhis total lack of morals to being able to make the right decisions on hisown. It is only with the help of Jim as a moral guide that Huck is able toundergo this moral transformation to use his own judgment and trulyprogress.The situation that Huck is encountered with about choosingfriend over society is the main dilemma that pushes Huck to establish hisown standards of morality, rather than accepting those that society has setforth. Jim acts as the centerpiece where Huck decides whether he shouldconform to society about the runaway slave or to use his head and followwhat he believ es are the basic rights of being humane. The metamorphosisHuck went through not only told a story, but, in Twains view, told thelife story of his society and those problems. Problems that Huckconfronted. Today, his acts and Mr. Twains ingenious are considered tohave bettered the society. There you go, Mr. Twain, you got what youwanted. Society has been bettered thanks to you.

Media Essays (1245 words) - Violence In Video Games,

Media Ethics in Media Violence Tatiana Y Craft Social Psychology Opposing View Points in Social Psychology Capella University September, 2013 Introduction There are always been violence in our world from ancient times when cavemen fought with tribes who came into their domain, the crusades in the 11-13 centuries, to the Iraq war in current days. At what point do we decide what violence is and is not, at what point do we decide what is better for our children to see, violence on television or video games and movies. We see in the news all the time reports about children shooting up schools, like Columbine, and Sandy Brook elementary. In both cases the media and video games were to blame for these tragedies, people have always been tied in their thoughts about why these things happen. At what point do we take responsibility for the way we raise our children? And at what point do we stop the media from depicting horrible images that may cause harm to our children? The Studies on Violence Several theoretical models describe the psychological mechanisms through which media violence can influence later behavior. Fundamentally, the psychological process all rely on learning. With repeated exposure to media violence, one can guess that one will be more aggressive. Many studies have been done the effects of media violence and videos games on the young human mind. Most of the studies done show that after time of playing violent video games many childrens aggressive side came out more. One study that was done showed that aggression could even arise 3-6 months later after the child was exposed to the game. Though it is equally possible in these studies that people who are more aggressive tend to navigate to more violent video games and movies. With that thought that people who tend to be more violent who gravitate to violent sources, why are those people able to obtain or access violent games or watch violent movies? Several studies have shown that in the long run, habitual exposure to media violence may actually reduce anxious arousal in response to depictions of violence. Research has found that the more time individuals spent time watching violent media depictions, the less emotionally responsive they become too violent stimuli. What the Media Thinks As Hilary Clinton pointed out in her book, the more children see violence, the more numb they are to the deadly consequences of violence. Now, video games like Mortal Kombat, Killer Instinct, and Doom, the very games played obsessively by the two young men who ended so many lives in Littleton, make our children more active participants on simulated violence. Bill Clinton made a statement on April 24, 1999 after the shootings in Littleton, Colorado he stated that Playing a violent video game wont turn you into a psycho, a murderer or a serial killer. Most studies show that very clearly on the contrary violent video games allow players to express themselves. Its like an outlet for them in a way. All these violent actions that are said to have been inspired by playing video games are nothing but the expressions of issues unrelated to video games. Our own ex-president down plays the effects for video games on the young mind. The ex-president had a great thought on the subject, All these violent actions that are said to have been inspired by playing video games are nothing but the expressions of issues unrelated to video games. If you look at the recent case of the Sandy Brook shootings, people instantly wanted to blame video games, it came to light that the young man was autistic and had many emotional issues. Now not all cases are like this one, the Columbine shootings no one knew what to pin point that on, but once again video games and movies were to blame. The Blame on Media? With all the blame on media on the movies, video games, and TV shows they put on the air, does the blame really need to fall completely on them? In the 1950s this sort of media violence was unheard of, parents raised their children differently, and they were raised to respect others. Generations later kids now are shooting up schools, running the streets, and not going to school. At

The Institute of Slavery and the Impact on African Culture

The Institute of Slavery and the Impact on African Culture Free Online Research Papers The institute of slavery was a cruel, violent and a heartless system from its starting places in West Africa to its implementation in the cotton fields of the American south. Though we as a nation have abolished slavery and worked to have equality among all races. We have rarely taken the time to realize the extreme mental and physical stress placed upon African-American people by this cruel system of economics we called slavery. A wise man once said â€Å"In order to understand where you’re going, you must understand where you came from† which means in order to understand the African-American psyche, we must take a journey through this ugly piece of American History. During the 17th and 18th century, the demand for slaves was at its peak. Europe slave traders quickly provide the labor needed. This is how the Middle passage started. The potential of earning a small fortune in the slave trading business was enough of a profit for traders to put aside the fact that Africans were human beings.† In the 1760, in some markets, a trader could sell a male slave for 50 pounds, which was enough to live comfortable for one year. With the promise of making more than a decent living from slave trade, it also became profitable. Traders could not have been successful without the formation of a relationship with the Africans who provide them with other Africans to enslave. In return for providing human cargo to the enslavers, African kidnappers received guns, textiles, iron bars, and other products.†(The Middle Passage, http://afroamhistory.about.com, 3/1/08 ) The African slaves were about to embark on the infamous Middle passage, so called because it was the middle leg of a three-part voyage. A voyage that began and end in Europe. â€Å"The first leg of the voyage carried a cargo that often included iron, cloth, brandy, firearms, and gunpowder. Upon landing on Africa’s â€Å"Slave Coast,’’ the cargo was exchanged for sugar, tobacco, or some other product. The final leg brought the ship back to Europe.†(The Middle Passage, pbs.org,3/1/2008). Captains of slave ships were known as either â€Å"loose packers† or â€Å"tight packers†, depending upon how many slaves they crammed into the space they had. Most ships, especially those of the later 18th century, were â€Å" tight packers†, carrying a huge quality of slaves who were often forced to lie in spaces smaller than that of grave, or in some cases stacked spoon-fashion on top of one another.†( Hell Bellow Deck (life on the slave ship), http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu,3/1/2008) Once at sea, the slaves were brought up out of their steamy dungeon each morning. The men’s leg-irons were linked to a chain running down the center of the ship to prevent suicide attempts. On some ship they were made to dance for exercise. The slave would receive their meal, usually the same as the first. While on deck a good captain had the slaves washed down with warm vinegar and scrubbed. Some did not bother and in rough weather the slaves would not be allowe d out at all. â€Å"Shackled in darkness and filth, seasickness and disease were rife. The heat in the hold could be over 30 degrees Celsius and the slaves would have no access to toilets or washing facilities. Extreme foulness was the smell of slave ships that other vessels try to stayed far away from them. In such conditions disease spread, and many slaves died.†(The Middle Passage, headleypark.edu, 3/1/2008) Other deaths can be attributed to the Africans being faced with the horrible conditions of the voyage. The unknown future that lay beyond, many Africans preferred to die. But even the choice of suicide was taken away from these people. From the captain’s point of view, his human cargo was extremely valuable and had to be kept alive and, if possible, uninjured. A slave who tried to starve him or her self was tortured. If torture did not work, the slave was forced fed with the help of a contraption called a speculum orum, which held the mouth open. Eventually, after the hard 3,700-mile voyage, the slave would reach North America. In order to strengthen them before sale, the slaves were normally fed better in the days directly before their arrival in the new world, however their suffering was far from over. Before the could be sold, the slaves would be oiled to make their skin shinny and any imperfections, such as scars from whipping, would be filled in with hot tar in order to improve their appearance and get the best market price. Most slave ship would not be allowed to dock in the ports, which they could not due to their horrible stench and the fear of the spread of any diseases, which had been spread throughout the ship. Therefore, the slavers would drop anchor a few miles off shore and carry slaves to land the slaves in land in smaller boats, which had been stored aboard the ship. After arriving on land, almost all slaves were separated from there loved ones and sold off to different households never to see each other again . Slavery in the south was hard. Over 4 million enslaved African Americans lived throughout the south by 1860. Most of these slaves were agriculture laborers, either on a small farm of large plantation. These slaves worked from sunrise to sunset. Women worked the same hours as the men and pregnant women were expected to continue until their child was born. Most slaves worked in cotton tobacco, or sugar fields. A few slaves held specialized jobs as artisans, skilled laborers, and factory workers. An even smaller number of slaves worked as cooks, butlers, or maids. The law provided slaves with virtually no protection from their masters. On large plantations this power was delegated to overseers. These men were under considerable pressure for plantation owners to maximize profits. They did this by bulling the slaves in increase productivity. The punishment used against slaves judged to be under-performing included the use of the whip. Sometimes slave-owners resorted to mutilating and br anding their slaves. Some punishments were associated with certain areas. According to William Wells Brown, slave owners in Virginia smoked slaves. This involved whipping the slaves and putting them in a tobacco smokehouse. â€Å" Moses Roper claimed that in South Carolina they used to â€Å"drive nails into a coffin like box, so as to leave the point of the nail protruding in the side of the cast. In this he used to put slaves for punishment, and roll them down a very long and steep hill.† ( Slave Punishments (Testimonials), www.spartacus.net,3/1/2008) Lewis Clarke, a house slave in Kentucky, describe in his autobiography the different methods use by his mistress: â€Å"instruments of torture were ordinarily the raw hide, or a bunch a hickory- sprouts seasoned in the fire and tied together. But if these were not at hand, she would use beat him with a chair, the broom, tongs, shovel, shears, knife-handle, the heavy heel of her slipper, and an oak club, a foot and a half in length and an inch and a half square. With this delicate weapon she would beat us upon the hands and upon the feet until they were blistered.† ( Slave Punishments (Testimonials), www.spartacus.net, 3/1/08) Another method slave owners use to control slaves, was what I call the Willie Lynch method. This is a portion of the letter he wrote, to explain his method.† I have a foolproof method for controlling your black slaves. I guarantee every one of you than if installed correctly it will control the slaves; for at least 300 hundred years. My method is simple. Any member of the family overseer can use it. I have outlined a number of differences among the slaves; and I take these differences and make them bigger. I use fear, distrust and envy for control purpose. These methods have worked on my modest plantation in the West Indies and it will work throughout the south. Take this simple little list of differences and think about them. On the top of my list is age but it’s there only because it starts with of plantations, status on plantation, attitude of owners, whether the slaves live in the valley, on a hill, east, west, north, south, have fine hair or course hair, are tall or short. Now that you have a list of differences, I shall give you an outline of action, but before that, I shall assure you that distrust is stronger than trust and envy is stronger adulation or admiration. The black slaves after receiving this indoctrination shall carry on and will become self refueling and self-generation for hundreds of years, maybe thousands. Do not forget you must pitch the old black male vs. the young black male, and the young black male against the old black male. You must use the dark skin slaves vs. the light skin slaves, and the light s kin slaves vs. the dark skin slaves. You must use female vs. male. And the male vs. the female. You must also have your white servants and overseers distrust all blacks. But it is necessary that your slaves trust and depend on us. They must love, respect and trust only us. Gentleman, these kits are your keys to control. Use them. Have your wives and children use them, never miss an opportunity. If use intensely for one year, the slaves themselves will remain perpetually distrustful. Thank you gentleman.† (The Willie Lynch letter (1712),osirisgroup.org,3/1/2008) This method still acted out among some African Americans today. This is called Post Traumatic Slavery Disorder. The Theory of Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome is that centuries of slavery followed by systemic racism and oppression have resulted in multigenerational adaptive behaviors, some of which have been positive and reflective of resilience, and others that are detrimental and destructive( Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Leagcy of Enduring Injury and Healing. This is common in African Americans that are 60 years or older or has been spread from generation to generation. What it is, is a slave like mentality, if you have children you treat them according to their color, age and sex. People who have this disorder usually severely beat their children and call them names such as nigger as slave owners did. Willie Lynch’s method is also portrayed in today’s African American youth. By calling each other nigger, which was a word used to degrade the African Am erican slaves. As well as the staggering number of African American men in our prison system compared to our other racial counter parts. As African-American we have been treated as an inferior race for over a decade. Even during the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 60’s, we were still beaten by police and made to sit in the back of the bus. As well, as forced to go to separate schools and to use separate facilities as our white counter parts. Though our generation didn’t have to deal with the extremes of this racism, these stories and hostilities are still passed from generation to generation. In conclusion, the institute of slavery was a cruel, violent and a heartless system from its starting places in West Africa to its implementation in the cotton fields of the America south. Though we as a nation have abolished slavery and worked to have equality among all races. We have rarely taken the time to realize the extreme mental and physical stress placed upon African-American people by this cruel system of economics we called slavery. In order to start the healing process , I feel we must as a people start to recognize this slave like mentality and break threw this state of mind as well as the habits that come with it. Research Papers on The Institute of Slavery and the Impact on African Culture19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoDefinition of Export QuotasCapital PunishmentNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of India

Women, Voice Pitch Authority, and Gender Bias

Women, Voice Pitch Authority, and Gender Bias Do we respond differently to the sound of a voice based on its gender? Do mens voices have more authority and are womens voices more friendly? These questions skim the surface of an overlooked aspect of gender discrimination bias that arises from how we judge a female voice, especially pitch. Typically, gender bias against women is rooted in optics. We look at hair color, body shape, size, weight, height, physical attractiveness and make assumptions. Clothing, skirt length, and style of attire provide visual cues that fuel stereotypes and feed into gender expectations. Take away sight and we still jump to conclusions, but now the pitch of a womans voice becomes the yardstick by which we measure her worth. Picture the stereotypical dumb blonde. How does she sound? Either we imagine her voice as high and squeaky, or soft and breathy like Marilyn Monroe. Its sexy, but it doesnt convey authority or increase trust. Going Low To gain authority, women have long believed that its better to pitch their voices lower. And experts have discovered that most women are following that dictum. Over the past 50 years, womens voices have dropped significantly. Although womens voices normally register a full octave higher than mens voices, today theyre just 2/3rds of an octave higher. The most prominent example of this vocal divide can be seen in the media where an enormous distinction exists between the types of products sold by female voices and those pitched by male voices. At first glance, it might appear that women and men enjoy parity based on the number of voiceovers on TV commercials. Womens voices are commonplace in commercials that sell everyday household items such as dishwashing detergent, toilet bowl cleaners, diapers, paper towels. But commercials selling big-ticket items such as cars and trucks are largely the domain of male voices. Thats because of the sexual politics surrounding how we perceive male and female voices. Writing for the UK website the New Humanist, Sally Feldman observes: [Theres] a basic difference between the way men and women tend to speak. Whereas men often breathe from their abdomen, women are more likely to constrict their voices to an upper range which allows less variety and less control. In a recent collection of essays, Well-Tuned Women, Kristin Linklater writes: â€Å"When a high voice connects with a strong impulse based, for instance, in anger or fear, it becomes shrill, strident, screechy, piercing, nasal, penetrating, sharp, squeaky or brassy and generally unpleasant to the point of causing major distress in the hearers.† Men, on the other hand, with their deeper voices and richer tones, find it easier to convey authority and control. It’s partly physiological. Men’s voices are lower than women’s because they have a larger larynx, developed in the Adam’s apple at puberty, and longer, thicker vocal folds.... Anne Karpf [author of The Human Voice] argues that men have come to assert power through their deep voices and resonant tones to such an extent that â€Å"pitch has become a weapon in the gender wars. Men in Control Look beyond TV commercials and youll see how effectively men have wielded the power of pitch in the gender wars. Ever notice there are no female announcers on game shows? asks veteran voice actor Lora Cain. None serve as announcers on TV talk shows, and very few do network promos or movie trailers two of the most prestigious and highly-coveted jobs in the voiceover industry. According to Cain, statistics bear this out. Men do 80% of the voice work while women accounting for only 20%. Why does gender discrimination exist in a field where its not how you look but how you sound? Cain feels its because those positions of clout that determine whether a voice will be male or female namely, writers and directors are held primarily by men. The key is more women writers and women directors, she observed in a recent phone interview. If there were more women writers, thered be more of a tendency to say, Lets consider a woman for this. Opening Doors for Women Voiceover professional Lora Cain is one of just a handful of women competing at the upper levels of this male-dominated field, and shes acutely aware of how the deck is stacked against female announcers and women voice actors. Theres this belief that women dont sound good in certain situations or that women dont like to listen to women. Wheres the logic in that? she argues. Women talk to each other, and women make 80% of the buying decisions in this country. But when a woman wants advice on what to buy, shes not as likely to ask her male partner as she is a female friend...or even another woman standing in line at the bathroom. Thats just what women do. So, of course, we listen to other women. We seek out each others opinions. We are  our greatest resource. Im hoping that we can change that belief little by little. Cain credits changing opinions in the industry as opening doors for women. Whats popular now is the real person sound. Its created new opportunities and thats really wonderful. But women are still shut out of certain jobs where theres an expectation that you need to have a certain weight behind your voice. Some say that women dont have that, but thats not true. She cites Randy Thomas  as a woman with vocal weight. Described as the most recognized female voice in America,  Thomas is best known as the voice of the TV show  Entertainment Tonight  and the Hooked on Phonics commercials. Thomas shattered the voiceover glass ceiling in 1993 when she became the first female announcer of the Academy Awards. Since then, shes done the Oscars at least seven times as well as the Miss America Pageant and the Democratic National Convention. Shes the first announcer male or female to hit the trifecta of announcing the Big Three Awards the Oscars, the Tonys and the Primetime Emmys in a single year. Confidence Thomas has broken out of the pack of female voice talent due to that authoritative voice, as Cain describes it. You hear it and you believe her. This authority and forcefulness is ultimately the biggest hurdle facing women in the voiceover industry and in business as well. Listeners, like clients and co-workers, are more willing to place their trust in the voice that sounds confident and assured. The Count Is In A March 2010 AdweekMedia/Harris Poll  bears out these findings. Researchers asked participants to listen to male and female voiceovers in commercials and judge them based on various criteria. When asked who sounded more forceful, 48% chose the male voiceover while only 2% chose the female. When asked who sounded more soothing, respondents overwhelmingly chose the female voiceover 48% vs. only 8% for the male. Both genders were regarded as equally persuasive with 18% choosing the male voiceover vs. 19% choosing the female. Yet when it comes to major purchases, authority seems to trump soothing or persuasive. When asked which voiceover would be more likely to sell them on buying a car or a computer, respondents chose the male voice 3-4 times more often than the female; only 7% chose the female voice in either situation. In comparison, 28% of respondents felt the male voiceover was more likely to sell them a car, and 23% felt they were more likely to buy a computer based on the male voice. The problem is that we hear gender first and form assumptions about the speaker even before we have a chance to assess timbre, pitch, speed, clarity, and other vocal qualities that might establish authority or trust. Unfortunately, hearing gender isnt all that different from seeing gender when we discriminate based on sex alone and assign characteristics to physical traits often arbitrarily, stereotypically, and unfairly. Crossing Barriers Like Thomas, Cain has come up against the structural bias inherent in an industry where voices are judged by how well they sell. Shes been taking a crack at another glass ceiling announcing TV game shows as the only woman among half a dozen candidates vying to announce the popular syndicated show  Wheel of Fortune.  When the shows longtime male announcer passed away in November 2010, Caine pushed for the producer to consider a woman. Although there are no female announcers on any games shows currently in production, Cain is optimistic, noting, We go through these cycles in the 80s and 90s women could be heard as announcers on game shows although they were mostly cable channels. When she pointed out to  Wheel of Fortune  executive producer Harry Friedman that there were no other women announcers on TV game shows today, he was willing to give her a shot. Although the person behind the voice usually remains invisible, Cains putting her thoughts forward along with her voice to make audiences aware that women are capable of doing the same quality work as men, just as they do in every other career field. Im calling attention to this, Cain explains, because we need to recognize when women cross these barriers. At the same time, however, it would be nice to have viewers listen to someone like Randy Thomas and think, Oh, she sounds great instead of focusing solely on the fact that, Oh, thats a woman. Sources Camber, Rebecca.  Why women who want to get ahead get a husky voice.  DailyMail.co.uk.Dolliver, Mark. How People React to Male vs. Female Voiceovers.  Adweek.com. 8 March 2010.Feldman, Sally.  Speak up.  NewHumanist.org.uk.Hendrickson, Paula. Choice Voice. EMMY Magazine at RandyThomasVO.com.